Apparatuses and methods for storing and/or filtering a substance

ABSTRACT

Apparatuses, systems, and methods for loading and/or unloading a substance into or from a sorption media. A substance is presented at an edge of the sorption media, which comprises parallel layers of a sorption material. To load (i.e., via absorption and/or adsorption) the substance into the sorption media, heat is transferred away from the sorption media, a loading voltage is applied to the sorption media, and/or a pressure is increased relative to the sorption media. To unload the substance from the sorption media, heat is transferred into the sorption media, a voltage of an opposite polarity from the loading voltage is applied to the sorption media, and/or a pressure is decreased relative to the sorption media. In some embodiments, the sorption media includes surface structures that may load molecules of the substance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/857,515, filed Aug. 16, 2010, now issued as U.S. Pat. No.8,147,599 and titled APPARATUSES AND METHODS FOR STORING AND/ORFILTERING A SUBSTANCE, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/304,403, filed Feb. 13, 2010 and titledFULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE. U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/857,515 is a continuation-in-part of each of the followingapplications: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/707,651, filed Feb.17, 2010 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,075,748 and titled ELECTROLYTIC CELL ANDMETHOD OF USE THEREOF; PCT Application No. PCT/US10/24497, filed Feb.17, 2010 and titled ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF; U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/707,653, filed Feb. 17, 2010 now U.S.Pat. No. 8,172,990 and titled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLINGNUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS; PCT Application No. PCT/US10/24498,filed Feb. 17, 2010 and titled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLINGNUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS; U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/707,656, filed Feb. 17, 2010 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,075,749 and titledAPPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GAS CAPTURE DURING ELECTROLYSIS; and PCTApplication No. PCT/US10/24499, filed Feb. 17, 2010 and titled APPARATUSAND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING NUCLEATION DURING ELECTROLYSIS; each of whichclaims priority to and the benefit of the following applications: U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/153,253, filed Feb. 17, 2009 andtitled FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/237,476, filed Aug. 27, 2009 and titled ELECTROLYZER AND ENERGYINDEPENDENCE TECHNOLOGIES; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/304,403,filed Feb. 13, 2010 and titled FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCEINDEPENDENCE. Each of these applications is incorporated by reference inits entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technology relates to the storage and/or filtration of asubstance by an apparatus comprising a sorption media.

BACKGROUND

Although the demand for renewable resources is growing, the worldcontinues to meet much of its energy needs using oil. Oil's byproductsfuel cars, ships, and planes, and in much of the world it is burned toproduce electricity. Although oil is a very useful substance, the earthcontains only a limited quantity, and the earth's inhabitants, bothplants and animals, are harmed directly and indirectly when oil isextracted from the ground and when its byproducts are combusted forenergy. In order to preserve the environment and meet the energy needsof a growing world population, people must substitute alternativesubstances in place of oil.

Despite humanity's need to transition away from using oil, fewalternatives can be obtained, processed, stored, and used as cheaply andas easily as oil, and in quantities that match the demand for oil. Thus,oil remains an essential fuel in economies around the world. A keyfactor in oil's dominance throughout the world is the high energydensity per volume of its byproducts, which enables hydrocarbons to betransported and stored at energy capacities that meet society's demands.Gasoline, for instance, contains about 44.4 megajoules per kilogram(“MJ/kg”), and diesel fuel contains about 45.4 MJ/kg. Hydrogen andmethane, which are both readily available fuel alternatives to gasolineand diesel, contain about 143 MJ/kg and 55.6 MJ/kg, respectively.However, hydrogen and methane are gasses at room temperature andatmospheric pressure, and therefore far less dense than liquidhydrocarbons like gasoline and diesel. Consequently, hydrogen gascontains only about 0.01079 megajoules per liter (“MJ/l”) and methanegas contains only about 0.0378 MJ/l, while gasoline contains about 32MJ/l and diesel contains about 38.6 MJ/l. If gasses like hydrogen andmethane are to replace hydrocarbons on a world level, they must be ableto be stored in a manner that compensates for their low energy densitiesby volume.

Numerous methods have been developed for storing hydrogen and othergasses at higher energy densities per volume. A first approach is tostore the gas at a very high pressure. While this method is useful formany applications, including transporting gasses through pipelines, itis infeasible for most typical applications because substantial energyis wasted compressing the gas. Also, a tank capable of withstanding highpressure is too heavy for most vehicles, planes, or other machines thatmight be fueled by the compressed gas. Another approach is to store thegas as a liquid or slush. This approach suffers from a number ofdrawbacks, including extensive storage costs. For example, likehydrogen, one of the most viable alternatives to oil, many gasses boilat very low temperatures, meaning they must be cryogenically stored, andcooling the gas to a liquid or slush and keeping it cooled would waste asubstantial amount of energy.

Hydrogen and other gasses may also be stored at higher energy densitiesper volume as an absorbed substance or as a metal hydride.Unfortunately, many metal hydrides include rare earth metals and haveenergy densities per weight that are lower than hydrocarbons because ofthe heavy metals used for storage. Additionally, materials that receivehydrogen, such as activated carbon granules, carbonized tissues,zeolites, and hydride particles, are poor thermal conductors, meaningthat the rate at which these materials may be cooled to absorb a gas andthe rate that these materials may be heated to release a gas are bothlimited. These materials may also degrade or produce dust and debris,which may contaminate released gas and clog delivery conduits, fittings,valves, and filters of a storage system.

Furthermore, substantial energy is wasted transporting oil and itsbyproducts to locations at which the oil is refined or its byproductsare consumed while large quantities of renewable resources that can beconverted into fuels, such as farm waste, are wasted. Additionally, whenhydrocarbons are burned, their byproducts are generally discarded. Thesebyproducts are warming the earth's atmosphere. Historically, it has beendifficult to store, process, or filter the byproducts of hydrocarbonsfor later productive use. For example, a vehicle manufacturer may findit impractical to store the exhaust from a combustion engine because theexhaust occupies such a large volume. Similarly, while filters existthat remove particulate matter from hydrocarbon byproducts, it isdifficult to filter a first compound from a second compound or to reacta byproduct with another compound to produce a useful compound in alimited amount of space. As a result, the byproducts of hydrocarbons arereleased into the air, wasting a potentially fruitful energy source andpolluting the earth.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is schematic cross-sectional side view of a vessel for storingand/or filtering a substance configured in accordance with an embodimentof the technology.

FIG. 2A is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of parallellayers of a sorption media including surface structures configured inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 2B is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of parallellayers of a sorption media including surface structures configured inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 2C is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of parallellayers of a sorption media including surface structures configured inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 2D is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of parallellayers of a sorption media including surface structures configured inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process for loading a substance in asorption media in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a process for unloading a substance from asorption media in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 5 is a side view of a vessel for storing and/or filtering asubstance configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 6A is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a vessel for storingand/or filtering a substance configured in accordance with an embodimentof the technology.

FIG. 6B is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of an area ofa vessel for storing and/or filtering a substance configured inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 6C is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of an area ofa vessel for storing and/or filtering a substance configured inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an apparatus forfiltering a substance configured in accordance with an embodiment of thetechnology.

FIG. 8 is an isometric view of an apparatus for filtering a substanceconfigured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.

FIG. 9 a schematic cross-sectional side view of a vessel for storingand/or filtering a substance and an associated system configured inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present application incorporates by reference in its entirety thesubject matter of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/626,021,filed Nov. 9, 2004 and titled MULTIFUEL STORAGE, METERING AND IGNITIONSYSTEM and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/804,509, filed Jul. 21,2010 and titled METHOD AND SYSTEM OF THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATION TOPROVIDE OXYGENATED FUEL, FOR EXAMPLE, WITH FUEL-COOLED FUEL INJECTORS.The present application incorporates by reference in their entirety thesubject matter of each of the following U.S. Patent Applications, filedconcurrently herewith on Aug. 16, 2010: U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/806,634, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,441,361 and titled METHODS ANDAPPARATUSES FOR DETECTION OF PROPERTIES OF FLUID CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS;U.S. Patent Application No. 61/401,699 and titled COMPREHENSIVE COSTMODELING OF AUTOGENOUS SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OFENERGY, MATERIAL RESOURCES AND NUTRIENT REGIMES; U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/806,633, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,075,750 and titledELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF; U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/857,553 and titled SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGHINTEGRATED PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY, MATERIALS RESOURCES, ANDNUTRIENT REGIMES; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/857,541 and titledSYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGHINTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUM PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/857,554 and titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORSUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUMPRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE MATERIAL RESOURCES USING SOLAR THERMAL; U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/857,546 and titled INCREASING THEEFFICIENCY OF SUPPLEMENTED OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (SOTEC)SYSTEMS; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/857,228 and titled GASHYDRATE CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR HARVESTING HYDROCARBON HYDRATE DEPOSITS;U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/857,502 and titled ENERGY SYSTEM FORDWELLING SUPPORT; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/857,433 and titledENERGY CONVERSION ASSEMBLIES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE ANDMANUFACTURE; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/857,461 and titledINTERNALLY REINFORCED STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OFMANUFACTURING.

Systems, apparatuses, and methods are described for storing and/orfiltering a substance. A sorption media comprises parallel layers of asorption material that are spaced apart by a certain distance or varyingdistances. A substance is presented at an edge of the sorption media.The edge of the sorption media provides access to zones between layersof the sorption media. Heat may be transferred away from the sorptionmedia to facilitate and/or cause the sorption media to load (i.e. absorband/or adsorb) molecules of the substance into the sorption media.Similarly, a voltage of a first polarity may be applied to the sorptionmedia to facilitate and/or cause the sorption media to load molecules ofthe substance. Likewise, a pressure experienced by the sorption mediamay be increased to facilitate and/or cause the sorption media to loadmolecules of the substance. In some embodiments, the sorption media alsocomprises surface structures that load the substance. In someembodiments, a catalyst facilitates the loading of a substance into thesorption media. A substance can be unloaded from the sorption media bytransferring heat to the sorption media, applying a voltage of anopposite polarity than the first polarity to the sorption media, and/orby reducing a pressure experienced by the sorption media.

In some embodiments, the sorption media is encapsulated in a vessel. Insome embodiments, the sorption media is configured in a tube. In someembodiments, the sorption media loads all molecules of a substance,while in other embodiments the sorption media loads only molecules of aspecific compound or molecules of specific compounds of a substance. Insome embodiments, the sorption media filters a substance. In someembodiments, the sorption media stores a substance. In some embodiments,a catalyst is applied to at least a portion of the sorption media tocatalyze a chemical reaction between a substance loaded into thesorption media and another substance.

A system, apparatus, and method will now be described with respect tovarious embodiments. The following description provides specific detailsfor a thorough understanding of, and enabling description for, theseembodiments of the system, apparatus, and method. However, one skilledin the art will understand that the system may be practiced withoutthese details. In other instances, well-known structures and functionshave not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarilyobscuring the description of the embodiments of the system.

It is intended that the terminology used in the description presentedbelow be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though itis being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certainspecific embodiments of the system. Certain terms may even be emphasizedbelow, however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in anyrestricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such inthis Detailed Description section.

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a vessel 2 forstoring and/or filtering a substance according to an embodiment of thetechnology. The vessel 2 receives a substance, such as a gas, through afirst port 10, and the substance is passed through a perforatedpassageway 4 that runs through a sorption media 6 within the vessel 2. Afirst valve 13 and a second valve 18 may be opened or closed by varyingdegrees to control the amount of a substance entering or exiting thevessel 2. The substance is presented through perforations of theperforated passageway 4 to a first edge 15 of the sorption media 6,which comprises parallel disk-shaped layers of a sorption material thatloads (i.e., absorbs and/or adsorbs) the substance onto the layers ofsorption material and in zones between the layers, reducing the volumeof the substance that is loaded into the sorption media. Consequently,the vessel 2 can be configured to store a substance at a density muchhigher than the density at which the substance exists at atmospherictemperature and pressure. The vessel 2 includes a second port 11 thatcan be used to expel the substance once it is released from the sorptionmedia 6. In some embodiments, the vessel 2 is configured so that only aparticular compound of the substance is loaded by the sorption media 6,and the remaining compounds of the substance are passed through thevessel 2 without being loaded. Consequently, the vessel 2 can also beconfigured to filter a substance.

A. Sorption Media and Surface Structures

The sorption media 6 of the vessel 2 comprises parallel layers of asorption material, on and between which molecules of the substance areadsorbed and absorbed. Suitable materials for the parallel layersinclude graphene, graphite, boron nitride, ceramics, metals, orpolymers, including various combinations and permutations of thesematerials. As discussed below, in some embodiments, the material has ahigh availability for thermal transfer, which allows heat to betransferred throughout each layer and removed from each layer tofacilitate the loading or unloading of a substance from the sorptionmedia 6. Similarly, in some embodiments, the material is electricallyconductive, and a voltage is applied across a layer of the parallellayers to facilitate the loading or unloading of a substance. Grapheneis an example of a suitable material for the sorption media 6 because itis electrically conductive and has a high availability for thermaltransfer. In some embodiments, each parallel layer is only one atomthick, while in other embodiments, some or all of the layers are greaterthan one atom thick. In some embodiments, the thermal and electricalconductivities of a layer of the sorption media 6 are adjusted bychanging the thickness of the layer.

The sorption media 6 can be manufactured and configured into parallellayers using any of a number of techniques. In some embodiments, theparallel layers of the sorption media are exfoliated from a singlecrystal. For example, in some embodiments, a single graphite crystal isgrown and/or machined into a desired shape, such as a disc, and layersas thin as an atom are exfoliated off of the crystal. A hole may bebored through the graphite crystal before it is exfoliated, and acentral substrate, such as the perforated passageway 4, may hold thecrystal in place while it is being exfoliated. U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,584and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/304,403, which are incorporatedherein by reference, describe suitable systems and methods forexfoliating single crystals to produce layers of sorption material asthin as one atom. Many other materials may be exfoliated using similartechniques, including compounds such as mica, zeolite-forming minerals,and boron nitride.

The layers of the sorption media 6 can also be formed by dehydrogenatinga compound. For example, energy can be applied to a hydrocarbon, such asmethane, to dissociate the hydrocarbon, producing carbon and hydrogen.Electricity, for example, can be applied to the methane for a sufficienttime to produce enough carbon for a layer of the sorption media. Theresulting carbon can be deposited on a substrate or framed into adesired shape. These graphene deposits will self-organize into thelayers of the sorption media, which may be configured on a substrateparallel to one another.

The parallel layers of the sorption media 6 are spaced a distance apartfrom one another to enable the loading of molecules of a substance ontosurfaces of the layers of the sorption media 6 and into zones betweenthe layers of the sorption media 6. FIG. 2A shows a blown-up schematiccross-sectional side view of an area 200 of the sorption media 6according to an embodiment of the technology. Various surface structures20 are applied on the surface of parallel layers 22 of the sorptionmedia 6. These surface structures 20 can include nano-tubes 20 a,nano-scrolls 20 b, and various other high surface nano structures, suchas porous, exfoliated, carbonized tissues, rods 20 c, and flower-likestructures 20 d. In some embodiments, the surface structures allow thesorption media to load more of a substance. In some embodiments, thesurface structures allow the sorption media to load a particularcompound of a substance. In some embodiments, the surface structuresenable the sorption media to load and/or unload molecules of a substancemore rapidly. In some embodiments, a particular type of surfacestructure is preferred over another surface structure. For example, insome embodiments, a nano-scroll may be preferred over a nano-tube. Thenano-scroll may be able to load and unload molecules of a substance morequickly than a nano-tube can because the nano-scroll may be able to loadand unload multiple molecules of a substance at the same time while anano-tube may only be able to load or unload one molecule at a time. Insome embodiments, a first type of surface structure loads a firstcompound and a second type of surface structure loads a second compound.In some embodiments, the surface structures 20 are composed of materialthat is electrically conductive and/or has a high availability forthermal transfer. In some embodiments, the surface structures arecomposed of carbon.

The surface structures can be configured on the layers of the sorptionmedia 6 using a number of different techniques. The co-pendingapplications referenced above disclose a number of methods forconfiguring the surface structures 20 on surfaces of the parallel layers22. In some embodiments, the surface structures are epitaxially orientedby the lattice structure of the layer to which they are applied. In someembodiments, the surface structures are coated on a layer of thesorption material before an adjacent layer is configured next to thelayer. In some embodiments, a compound is dehydrogenated on a layer ofthe sorption media 6 to form the surface structures 20. In someembodiments, the surface structures act as spacers between parallellayers of the sorption media 6, separating them by a desired distance.

In some embodiments, the distance between the parallel layers is onlylarge enough to load a one-molecule-thick layer of a substance onto thesurfaces of each of the parallel layers. In other embodiments, thedistance is large enough to load molecules onto the surfaces of each ofthe parallel layers and at least a one-molecule-thick layer of asubstance in a zone between the parallel layers, not on the surface ofthe layers. For example, molecules of a substance may be loaded onto asurface of the layers 22 of the sorption media 6 and into zones 204between the layers 22. In some embodiments, the parallel layers of thesorption media 6 are configured 90 Å apart. Parallel layers of thesorption media 6 may be separated by 90 Å, for example, to load naturalgas. In some embodiments, the layers of the sorption media 6 areconfigured at a distance greater than 90 Å or less than 90 Å. Forexample, in some embodiments, the distance is 120 Å or greater, and inother embodiments, the distance is less than 60 Å.

In some embodiments, the distance between each layer of the sorptionmedia 6 is the same, while in other embodiments the distance betweenlayers varies or is the same between only some of the parallel layers.For example, some of the parallel layers may be spaced a distance thatenables the loading of molecules of a first compound, such as methane,and some of the parallel layers may be spaced a distance that enablesthe loading of molecules of a second compound, such as hydrogen. FIG. 2Bshows a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of the area 200 ofthe sorption media 6 according to another embodiment of the technology.Surface structures 20 are applied to the parallel layers 22 of thesorption media 6. The parallel layers 22 are spaced apart by differentdistances so that a first zone 210 is a different size from a size of asecond zone 212, which is also a different size from a size of a thirdzone 214. As mentioned above, the varied spacing may allow for thepreferential loading of different molecules into the various zones. Forexample, the first zone 210 may be configured to load methane and thesecond zone 212 may be configured to load hydrogen. FIG. 2C shows ablown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of the area 200 of thesorption media 6 according to another embodiment of the technology. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 2C, the layers 22 of the sorption media 6 arespaced apart from one anther by varying distances so that the sorptionmedia comprises zones of a first size, such as zone 222, and zones of asecond size, such as zone 224.

In some embodiments, the surface structures 20 vary in size. Forexample, in FIG. 2B, some nano-tubes 20 a are longer than othernano-tubes 20 a. In some embodiments, varying the size of the surfacestructures changes the rate at which they may load and unload asubstance. In some embodiments, the sizes of the surface structures areincreased or decreased to preferentially load a first compound over asecond compound, or to vary the spacing between layers of the sorptionmedia 6.

In some embodiments, a zone between layers of sorption media includesonly a first type of surface structure. For example, the third zone 214includes only nano-tubes. A zone between parallel layers of the sorptionmedia may only include a particular type of surface structure toaccommodate a specific compound. For example, the third zone 214 mayinclude only nano-tubes 20 a because nano-tubes are able to loadhydrogen at a higher density than nano-scrolls, and hydrogen is to beloaded into the third zone 214. In some embodiments, a zone betweenlayers of sorption media includes only two types of surface structuresto accommodate a specific compound or compounds. For example, the secondzone 212 may include only nano-scrolls 20 b and rods 20 c becausenano-scrolls are able to load methane at a high density, and rods,although not able to load methane at a high density, are able to loadand unload methane at a high rate. Therefore, the nano-scrolls 20 b androds 20 c might compensate for each others' weakness in a particularapplication. In some embodiments, all of the surface structuresconfigured on layers of a sorption media may be of one type. Forexample, a sorption media may include only nano-tubes for a particularapplication.

In some embodiments, the surface structures 20 are orientedperpendicular to the layers 22 of the sorption media. In otherembodiments, at least some of the surface structures 20 are not orientedperpendicular to the layers 22 of the sorption media and are insteadoriented at a different angle. In FIG. 2C, the surface structures 20 areoriented at different angles from the layers 22 than 90-degrees. Asurface structure may be oriented at a particular angle to increase thesurface area of the surface structure, to increase the rate thatmolecules are loaded by the surface structure, to increase a loadingdensity of the surface structure, to preferentially load a molecule of aparticular compound, or for another reason.

In some embodiments, the surface structures are composed of a differentmaterial from the material of the layer of sorption media 6 that it isattached to. FIG. 2D shows a blown-up schematic cross-sectional sideview of the area 200 of the sorption media 6 according to anotherembodiment of the technology. The parallel layers 22 of sorption mediaare composed of a first material, such as graphene. The surfacestructures 20 are composed of a second material, such as boron nitride.In some embodiments, a boron interface is applied to the graphene beforethe boron nitride is deposited to the parallel layers 22. The surfacestructures may be composed of any of a number of different materials.For example, in some embodiments, the nano-tubes 20 a, nano-scrolls 20b, rods 20 c, and/or flower-like structures 20 d are composed of boronhydride, diborane (B₂H₆), sodium aluminum hydride, MgH₂, LiH, titaniumhydride, and/or another metal hydride or another compound. A boronhydride formation on a boron interface is endothermic, having a heat offormation that must be removed through the parallel layer to which it isapplied. Hydrogen, for example, may be rapidly loaded to form arelatively unstable hydrogen storage because of the excellent thermalconductivity of boron hydride, which similarly allows for rapidunloading of the hydrogen.

The distance between parallel layers may be controlled using any of anumber of techniques. In some embodiments, surface structures areapplied on the surface of the layers of sorption media 6 and areconfigured to separate parallel layers of the sorption media 6 by aspecific distance. In FIG. 2D, for example, the surface structures 20from adjacent layers, such as the surface structures in a zone 226,contact one another, regulating the size of the zone 226. In someembodiments, the parallel layers are configured on a supportingsubstrate, such as the perforated passageway 4, and like charges areapplied to parallel layers, repelling the layers from one another toachieve a desired separation. The parallel layers may also be separatedby a desired distance by depositing atoms or compounds that act asspacers between the layers during manufacturing or while the layers arebeing configured on a substrate. For example, when a compound isdehydrogenated, separator atoms or molecules may be applied between eachlayer of the sorption media 6 that is produced. In some embodiments,parallel layers of sorption media 6 are formed from a host material thatis heated, causing it to expand, and thus allowing separator atoms orcompounds to be inserted between layers, which prevents the hostmaterial from contracting into the zones that have the separator atomsor compounds. The distance between two layers of the sorption media 6can also be controlled by a phase change in a layer or in a spacerbetween the two layers that induces a force that is sufficient toprovide the work necessary to space the layers at a predetermineddistance. The distance between layers may be adjusted to providestructural support for the vessel 2, to facilitate the transfer of heatto and from the layers, to allow light to pass between the layers, forcatalytic purposes, and/or for dampening purposes.

A substance is loaded into the sorption media 6 by being adsorbed ontosurfaces of the parallel layers of the sorption media 6 and the surfacestructures 20, and by being absorbed into the surface structures 20 andinto zones between layers of the sorption media 6. FIG. 3 is a flowdiagram of a process for loading a substance into the sorption media 6.At a block 300, a substance is presented at an edge of the sorptionmedia. An edge of the sorption media 6 includes an area that providesaccess to the zones between layers of the sorption media. For example,the vessel 2 of FIG. 1 comprises disk-shaped layers and the inside edge15 of the sorption media 6 provides access to the zones between layersof the sorption media. Molecules of the substance may be loaded from theinside edge 15 of the sorption media 6.

At a block 310, molecules of the substance are adsorbed onto surfaces ofthe layers of the sorption media 6. As described throughout the instantspecification, the sorption media 6 may load a substance when heat istransferred away from the sorption media 6, when a voltage is applied tothe sorption media 6, and/or when a pressure experienced by the sorptionmedia 6 is increased. In some embodiments, a catalyst facilitates orcauses the loading of a substance.

At a block 320, molecules of the substance are adsorbed onto the surfaceof surface structures that are configured on layers of the sorptionmedia 6. For example, molecules of the substance may be adsorbed ontothe surface of a nano-rod that is configured on a surface of a layer ofthe sorption media. At a block 330, molecules of the substance areabsorbed into the surface structures. For example, molecules of thesubstance may be absorbed into a nano-tube that is located on a surfaceof a layer of the sorption media 6.

At a block 340, molecules of the substance are absorbed into zonesbetween layers of the sorption media 6. In some embodiments, moleculesof the substance are not absorbed as a gas solution into a zone betweentwo layers of the sorption media 6 until molecules have been adsorbedonto the surface of the layers in such a density that there is noremaining surface for the molecules to be adsorbed onto and theremaining molecules that are loaded are absorbed as a gas solution intothe zone between the two layers. In some embodiments, molecules of thesubstance are adsorbed via the edge of the sorption media 6 and forcepreviously adsorbed molecules deeper into the sorption media 6 until theforce from newly adsorbed molecules forces the previously adsorbedmolecules to become suspended in a zone between layers of the sorptionmedia, becoming part of an absorbed gas solution. One skilled in the artwill appreciate that in some embodiments, molecules of the substance areabsorbed before some molecules of the substance are adsorbed, ormolecules of the substance are absorbed at the same time as molecules ofthe substance are adsorbed.

A substance is unloaded from the sorption media 6 by being desorbed froman adsorbed state on the surfaces of the parallel layers of the sorptionmedia 6 and the surface structures 20, and by being desorbed from anabsorbed in the surface structures 20 and in zones between layers of thesorption media 6. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a process for unloading asubstance from the sorption media 6. At a block 400, molecules of thesubstance are desorbed from an adsorbed state on the surface of layersof the sorption media 6. As discussed throughout the instantspecification, molecules that have been loaded into a sorption media maybe unloaded by transferring heat to the sorption media, by applying avoltage across the sorption media that is an opposite polarity of thevoltage applied to load the molecules, by reducing a pressureexperienced by the sorption media, and/or by other mechanisms, such asirradiating the sorption media and physically disturbing the sorptionmedia.

At a block 410, molecules of the substance are desorbed from an adsorbedstate on the surface of surface structures of the sorption media 6. At ablock 420, molecules of the substance are desorbed from an absorbedstate inside the surface structures of the sorption media 6. Asdescribed above, different kinds of surface structures are able todesorb molecules of an absorbed substance at different rates. Forexample, in some embodiments, a nano-flower-like structure will desorban adsorbed substance faster than a nano-tube, which may only be able todesorb one molecule of an absorbed substance at a time.

At a block 430, molecules of the substance are desorbed from an absorbedstate from zones between layers of sorption media 6. At a block 440,desorbed molecules are expelled from the sorption media out an edge ofthe sorption media. In some embodiments, molecules that are adsorbed andthus in contact with the sorption media are desorbed first. In someembodiments, absorbed molecules are desorbed first. However, in someembodiments, molecules that are adsorbed on a surface of the layers ofthe sorption media, molecules that are adsorbed on a surface of thesurface structures of the sorption media, molecules that are absorbed insurface structures, and molecules that are absorbed in zones betweenlayers of the sorption media are desorbed together. The sorption mediais generally able to unload molecules of a loaded substance at a highvolume. For example, the sorption media may unload molecules analogouslyto the way in which a capacitor unloads a stored electric charge.

B. Perforated Passageway and Containment

Referring back to FIG. 1, a substance is introduced into the vessel 2through either the first port 10 or the second port 11, and thesubstance is presented to the sorption media 6 via the perforatedpassageway 4. In some embodiments, the perforated passageway 4 is aperforated tube. In other embodiments, the perforated passageway 4 is awire cloth. The perforated passageway 4 can longitudinally reinforce thevessel 2 and it can also circulate fluids to cool or heat the sorptionmedia 6. In some embodiments, the vessel 2 includes more ports or fewerports than two. For example, a vessel for storing a substance mayinclude only one port.

The sorption media 6 loads a substance that is presented to the insideedge 15 of the sorption media through the perforations in the perforatedpassageway 4. The sorption media 6 loads molecules of the substance fromthe inside edge 15 of the sorption media 6. The vessel 2 includes acasing 16 on the outside edge 17 of the parallel layers to contain thevolume within the vessel 2, which prevents the loaded molecules of thesubstance from escaping the vessel via outside edges 17 of the parallellayers.

The casing 16 comprises a low permeability membrane 14. Suitablemembrane materials include graphite foil; wrapped, deep-drawn, orspin-formed titanium, aluminum, or stainless steel; and electro-formednickel. Various composites may also be used for a membrane, includingmetallized thin films of polyethylene terephthalate, ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyolefins.Materials that can be used for metallizing include iron, aluminumtitanium, chromium, nickel, or sputtered alloys. In some embodiments,the membrane 14 is electrically conductive and/or has a high ability totransfer heat.

The membrane 14 is secured to the outside edges 17 of the parallellayers of the sorption material using a high strength adhesive or adiffusion braze formula. Various adhesives may be used to secure themembrane 14 to the outside edges 17 of the parallel layers, includingthermosets such as apoxis, phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde,silicones, and addition-polyimides, including those containing siloxane;and thermoplastics such as aromatic polyesters, unsated polyesters, andpolyetherimides. The outside edges 17 may also be coated with asubstance to diffusion bond the membrane 14 on the outside edges 17 ofthe parallel layers, including, for example, a diamond-like substance.Various other carbon deposits can also be used to secure the membrane 14to the outside edges 17 of the parallel layers.

The casing may also reinforce the vessel 2 in a direction transverse tothe radial reinforcement of the perforated passageway 4 using highstrength rovings, yarns, or fibers applied over the membrane 14. In someembodiments, longitudinal corrugations such as the heat transfer finsdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,584 may be applied over the membrane.Axial reinforcement rovings may be applied over the heat transfer finsto spread the load of the corrugated surface over the membrane 14 whileavoiding interference with the exchange of heat between the membrane 14and the fins.

C. Heat Exchange

In some embodiments, heat is removed from the sorption media 6 tofacilitate the loading of a substance, and heat is added to the sorptionmedia 6 to facilitate the unloading of a substance that the sorptionmedia 6 has loaded. As discussed above, the layers of the sorption media6 may be composed of a material that has a high availability for thermaltransfer, which enables heat to be transferred to and from the layers ofthe sorption media 6 and even into and out of the surface structures 20that are configured on the parallel layers.

The vessel 2 depicted in FIG. 1 includes various components that aredesigned to transfer heat to and from the sorption media 6. For example,the vessel 2 includes a continuous heat-transfer tube 8 that surroundsthe periphery of the sorption media 6, which is able to transfer heat toand from the parallel layers of the sorption media 6. In someembodiments, the casing 16 includes an outer casing 19 that protects andinsulates the vessel 2 and heat-transfer tube 8, and provides structuralsupport for the sorption media and the heat-transfer tube 8. FIG. 5shows a side view of the vessel 2 without an outer casing. Theheat-transfer tube 8 is wrapped around the periphery of the vessel 2 andpositioned directly on the membrane 14. A pump 21, which includes acooling element and a heating element, can circulate heated or cooledargon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or another gas or fluid throughthe tube 8 to add or remove heat from the sorption media 6. In someembodiments, heat is also transferred to and from the sorption media 6by passing a heated or cooled gas or liquid through the perforatedpassageway 4.

Heat can also be applied to the sorption media 6 using other methods. Insome embodiments, additional tubes are configured within the vesselthrough which a heat-exchanging fluid or gas passes. In someembodiments, resistive heating elements are configured within the vesselto transfer heat to the sorption media 6. In some embodiments, thecasing 16 of the vessel 2 and the membrane 14 are substantiallytransparent and allow light to enter the vessel 2 and contact surfacestructures 20 that are photoactive, heating the surface structures andthe layers of sorption media 6. In some embodiments, photoactiveelements are placed between outside edges 17 of the parallel layers toreceive a maximum amount of light.

D. Pressure Swing

In some embodiments, a substance is loaded into or unloaded from thesorption media by shifting a pressure within the vessel. Returning toFIG. 1, in some embodiments, a pressure inside the vessel 2 is adjustedby closing the second valve 18 and pumping a substance through the firstport 10 until pressure within the vessel increases to a point that thesorption media 6 begins loading the substance. In some embodiments, thevessel 2 is connected within a high pressure pipeline, causing thepressure within the vessel to remain high enough that the sorption media6 can load some of a substance or a particular component of thesubstance that passes through the vessel 2. As discussed in more detailthroughout this detailed description, a vessel 2 that loads only aparticular compound of a substance may be used as a filter.

The pressure within the vessel 2 can also be adjusted by storing asubstance at a high pressure within the sorption media 6 and by openingthe first valve 13 or the second valve 18 to reduce the pressure withinthe vessel 2. For example, natural gas may be loaded at a high pressurewithin the vessel 2 and the second valve 18 may be opened to reduce thepressure within the vessel 2, causing the sorption media 6 to unload thenatural gas. In some embodiments, a substance is loaded into the vessel2 through the first valve 13 and the second valve 18 is closed partway,impeding the flow of the substance through the vessel 2, increasing thepressure within the vessel 2, and causing the sorption media 6 to loadsome of the substance. In some embodiments, a pressure swing is causedby applying an electric charge to the sorption media 6.

E. Electric Potential

In some embodiments, a voltage is applied across layers of the sorptionmedia 6 to facilitate the loading or unloading of a substance. When avoltage is applied to the sorption media 6, it can load a substance morequickly, load different compounds of the substance than when the voltageis not applied, load a substance at a lower temperature or pressure,and/or load more of a substance into the zones between the layers,thereby increasing a storage density of the vessel 2.

FIG. 6A is a schematic cross-sectional side view of the vessel 2including a power supply 601 that comprises circuitry and a power sourcethat may be connected to the vessel 2 to apply a voltage to at leastsome of the parallel layers of the sorption media 6. The membrane 14 iscomposed of an electrically conductive material, such as graphene. Afirst terminal 605 of the power supply 601 is electrically connected tothe membrane 14. The perforated passageway 4 is also composed of anelectrically conductive material, such as titanium, Monel 400, orcopper. A second terminal 606 is electrically connected to theperforated passageway 4. A gasket 602 composed of a dielectric materialelectrically separates the membrane 14 and the perforated passageway 4.The membrane 14 is electrically connected to the sorption media 6, andlikewise, the perforated passageway 4 is electrically connected to eachof the inside edges 15 of the parallel layers of sorption media 6.Consequently, an electric charge is applied across each of the parallellayers of sorption media 6.

In some embodiments, the membrane electrically connects to the layers ofthe sorption media 6 through various circuits 608, causing a differentvoltage to be applied across different layers of the sorption media 6when a voltage is applied between the membrane 14 and the perforatedpassageway 4. In some embodiments, the circuits 608 are configuredbetween the membrane 14 and the sorption media 6. In some embodiments,the circuits 608 are configured as part of the membrane 14 or outsidethe membrane. FIG. 6B is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side viewof an area 610 of the vessel according to an embodiment of thetechnology. The circuits 608 include various components that connect themembrane 14 to at least some layers of the sorption media 6. Forexample, conductive elements 620 electrically connect the membrane 14 tosome layers of the sorption media but not to other layers of thesorption media 6, creating charged zones 613 between layers of thesorption media that are electrically connected to the membrane 14 anduncharged zones 611 between layers of the sorption media that are notelectrically connected to the membrane 14.

In some embodiments, a charge gradient is applied across multiple layersof the sorption media 6. For example, a charge gradient may be appliedacross twenty adjacent layers of the sorption media 6, wherein eachlayer has an electric charge applied to it that is less than the nextadjacent layer. A charge gradient is useful when filtering a particularsubstance or substances from a group of substances. For example, if acharge gradient is applied across twenty consecutive layers and asubstance is introduced into the vessel 2, particular components of thesubstance having a high dielectric strength will be loaded in the middleof the charge gradient where the charge gradient is strongest.Particular components of the substance having a low dielectric strengthwill consequently be loaded on the ends of the charge gradient, wherethe charge gradient is weakest. As a practical example, if nitrogen andhydrogen are loaded into the sorption media when a charge gradient isapplied, the nitrogen would be loaded in the middle of the gradient andthe hydrogen would be loaded on either sides of the gradient.

To apply the charge gradient, in some embodiments, electrical resistorsof varying resistance values are configured between the membrane andeach layer of sorption media 6. FIG. 6C is a blown-up schematiccross-sectional side view of the area 610 of the vessel according to anembodiment of the technology. The circuits 608 include variouscomponents that connect the membrane 14 to at least some layers of thesorption media 6. A first resistor 624 has a first impedance, a secondresistor 625 has a second impedance, a third resistor 626 has a thirdimpedance, a fourth resistor 627 has a fourth impedance, a fifthresistor 628 has a fifth impedance, and a sixth resistor 630 has a sixthimpedance. The resistors connect the membrane 14 to parallel layers 22of the sorption media 6. The first impedance is greater than the secondimpedance, which is greater than the third impedance, which is greaterthan the fourth impedance, and so on. Therefore, when an electric chargeis applied to the membrane 14, the layer of sorption media connected tothe membrane 14 via the sixth resistor 630 experiences a higher voltagethan the layer of sorption media connected to the membrane 14 via thefifth resistor 628, and so forth. The layer of sorption media connectedto the membrane 14 via the first resistor 624 would experience thelowest voltage out of the depicted layers 22. In some embodiments,layers of the sorption media 6 may be electrically separated by adielectric material.

In some embodiments, the power supply is configured to supply a voltageof a first polarity to the vessel 2 and it is also configured to supplya voltage of an opposite polarity to the vessel. For example, the powersupply is configured so that the first terminal 605 may be the cathodeand the second terminal 606 may be the anode to load the sorption media,and the first terminal 605 may be switched to the anode and the secondterminal 606 switched to the cathode to unload the sorption media.

F. Catalysts

In some embodiments, catalysts are applied to the parallel layers tofacilitate the loading or unloading of a substance or to catalyze achemical reaction. Returning to FIG. 1, catalysts may be applied on asurface of a layer of the sorption media 6 (i.e., on a surface of alayer facing an adjacent layer) or only on the edges of the layers. Insome embodiments, a first layer of the sorption media 6 is coated with acatalyst before a second layer of the sorption media 6 adjacent to thefirst layer is configured. In some embodiments, a catalyst is onlyapplied on the inside edge 15 or outside edge 17 of the sorption media6.

In some embodiments, a catalyst facilitates the loading of a particularsubstance into the sorption media 6 and/or causes the substance to beloaded more quickly or more densely into the sorption media 6. Forexample, a substance including hydrogen and methane may be presented atthe inside edges 15 of the parallel layers of sorption media. A catalystcomprising a refractive carbide, such as a titanium carbide or an ironcarbide (e.g., Fe₃C) may be applied on the inside edges 15 of theparallel layers and cause them to load the hydrogen and not the methane.As a result, hydrogen can be filtered from the substance. As anotherexample, a catalyst consisting of 48% iron, 49% titanium, and 3% yttriummay be applied to the sorption media 6 to facilitate the loading ofhydrogen out of natural gas.

In some embodiments, a catalyst catalyzes a chemical reaction betweentwo compounds and a product of the reaction is loaded into the sorptionmedia 6. For example, ozone may be produced from air using ionizingultraviolet radiation or an induced spark. The ozone may be reacted withmethane using a catalyst such as chromia that is applied to the insideedges 15 of the layers of sorption material, producing oxygen andmethanol, either of which is loaded by the sorption media 6. In someembodiments, a second product of the reaction passes through the vessel2 and out the second port 11, while in other embodiments, at least aportion of the second product is also loaded by the sorption media 6. Inone example, a substance that is presented to the inside edges 15 of thelayers of sorption media 6 contains methane and water, and an ironcarbide catalyst is applied on the inside edges 15 of the layers ofsorption media 6. Energy is applied to the sorption media 6, causing achemical reaction between the methane and water, which produces methanoland water. The sorption media then loads the methanol and the water.

In some embodiments, when the vessel is used as a filter, the vesselmust be periodically disconnected so that the loaded substance can beemptied from the vessel 2. For example, if carbon dioxide is filteredfrom a stream of methane gas, the sorption media 6 may become saturatedwith carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide may need to be removed fromthe sorption media 6 before more carbon dioxide can be filtered from themethane gas.

Various catalysts may be applied to the edges of the sorption media 6 tofacilitate a chemical reaction. For example, suitable catalysts includecopper, zinc, or zirconia promoted with manganese; zirconium ormanganese doped and promoted with copper or zinc; copper, zinc, orzirconium doped with manganese; or oxides of iron, manganese, nickel,chromium, vanadium, and other transition metals.

G. Counter-Current Filter

FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a filter 700 that cancontinuously filter a stream of a substance without needing to beunloaded of a loaded substance. The filter 700 is configured in a tube702 and includes a sorption media 708 comprised of parallel layers of asorption material. The parallel layers are shaped like a disk, andconsequently, the filter 700 includes an inner zone 710 that is framedby inside edges 726 of the parallel layers, and an outer zone 706 thatis framed by outside edges 728 of the parallel layers of sorption media708 and a tube 704 within the tube 702. Tube 702 serves as a containmentshield for air or refractory insulation in the space between tube 702and tube 704. In some embodiments, a perforated passageway 711 isconfigured along the inside edges 726 of the parallel layers. The layersof the sorption media 708 may be composed of any of the materialsdiscussed above with respect to the vessel 2 and the layers of thesorption media 708 may be produced and configured using any of themethods discussed above. In some embodiments, a membrane (not pictured)is applied on the outside edges 728 of the parallel layers of sorptionmaterial 708. In some embodiments, the catalyst is applied on the insideedges 726 of the parallel layers of sorption material or on the surfacesof these layers. In some embodiments, a catalyst is applied on theoutside edges 728 of the parallel layers of the sorption material tofacilitate a chemical reaction at the outer zone 706. In someembodiments, a resistive heating element 712 is included within the tube704.

In some embodiments the perforated passageway 711 is connected tostructural supports that assist in suspending the filter 700 within thetube 702. FIG. 8 is an isometric view of the filter 700 that isconfigured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology. Theperforated passageway 711 extends beyond the sorption media 708 andsupporting members 830 are configured between the perforated passageway711 and the inside of the tube 704 (the tube 704 depicted in FIG. 8 istransparent and tube 702 is not depicted for purposes of clarity). Thesupporting members 830 help support the sorption media 708 so that itmay be suspended within the tube 704.

Referring again to FIG. 7, the filter 700 filters a substance when aparticular component of the substance is loaded from the inner zone 711by the sorption media 708 and the remainder of the substance is expelledfrom the filter 700. The inner zone 710 receives a substance 718 from afirst end 722 of the filter 700 and passes a filtered substance 720through the second end 724 of the filter 700. The outer zone 706receives a reactant 714 on the second end 724 of the filter 700 andpasses a product 716 of a chemical reaction through the first end 722 ofthe filter 700. When the substance 718 enters the perforated passageway711, a particular component of the substance 718 is loaded by thesorption media. The loaded substance travels radially toward the outsideedges 728 of the parallel layers, and each additional molecule that isloaded by the sorption media pushes previously loaded molecules furthertoward the outside edges 728. When a loaded molecule reaches the outsideedges 728 of the sorption media 708, a chemical reaction occurs betweenthe molecule and the reactant 714, facilitated by a catalyst that wasapplied on the outer edges of the parallel layers of sorption material.

In some embodiments, the filter 700 is configured in the exhaust path ofa combustion engine and acts as a counter-current heat exchanger and isused to create a useful compound out of the engine's exhaust. Exhaustfrom the combustion engine is supplied from the first end 722 of thefilter 700 in the inner zone 710 of the filter 700. Methane, which canbe provided from a renewable feedstock, is supplied from the second end724 of the filter 700 in the outer zone 706. In operation, heat that isnormally rejected through a radiator can be added to the filter 700where heat is needed for an endothermic reaction. For example, the heatcan be added to the methane before it enters the outer zone 706. Theresistive heating element 712 may also heat the methane. The sorptionmedia 708 of the filter 700 absorbs the steam that is present in theexhaust. Water molecules are pushed radially outward toward the outeredges 728 of the sorption media 708. The outer edges 728 of the sorptionmedia 708 may include a catalyst, such as an alloy composed of 48% iron,49% titanium, and 3% yttrium. The combination of heat, methane, andwater at the site of the catalyst causes the chemical reaction that isdescribed by Equation 1.CH₄+H₂O+HEAT→CO+3H₂  (1)The resulting carbon monoxide and hydrogen pass through the outer zone706 out the first side 722 of the filter 700 and may be stored or usedimmediately as a fuel. The exhaust from the engine, excluding the waterthat was loaded by the sorption media 708, is passed out the filterthrough the second side 724 of the filter 700. The remaining exhaust maybe stored or filtered further. For example, the exhaust may includeargon, which may be filtered and stored in a vessel after the exhaust ispassed out the filter 700.

In some embodiments, a particular portion of the substance 718 is loadedby the sorption media 708 and is unloaded out the outer edges 728 of thesorption media 708 without being a reactant in a chemical reaction.Instead, the particular portion of the substance 718 that is loaded bythe sorption media 708 is passed to another system, discarded, orstored. Likewise, the filtered substance 720 may be discarded, stored,or used elsewhere. In some embodiments, the first end 722 and the secondend 724 of the filter include nozzles that separate the substance 718from the product 716 and the reactant 714 from the filtered substance720.

In some embodiments, the filter 700 comprises various heat-transferringcomponents to transfer heat to and from the sorption media 708 to assistin loading or unloading a substance or facilitating a chemical reaction.The filter 700 may include any of the heat-transfer components describedabove, including, for example, resistive heating elements orheat-exchanging tubes that pump a heated or cooled gas or liquid.Similarly, in some embodiments, the filter 700 includes a component thatapplies electric potential to the sorption media 708 to facilitate theloading or unloading of a substance. The filter 700 may include any ofthe components described above for applying electric potential to alayer of the sorption media 700. Additionally, the substance 718 may beintroduced in the inner zone 710 at a pressure that is much higher thanthe pressure of the reactant that is introduced in the outer zone 706,resulting in a pressure differential to cause the sorption media 708 toload a component of the substance 718. The parallel layers of thestorage material may also include various surface structures, such asthose described above.

H. System for Loading and Unloading a Vessel

FIG. 9 shows a cross-sectional side view of the vessel 2 connected to asystem 900 that supplies a substance through the perforated passageway 4to be loaded into the sorption media 6, that passes a heated or cooledgas or liquid through the perforated passageway 4 to transfer heat toand from the sorption media 6 to facilitate the loading or unloading ofthe substance, and that connects an output port of the vessel 2 toadditional systems or apparatuses to which a released substance can besupplied.

A valve 7 may be opened to allow a substance, such as hydrogen ornatural gas, to flow into the vessel 2 to be loaded by the sorptionmedia 6. The heat-transfer tube 8 removes heat from the sorption media 6by circulating a gas or liquid that is colder than the sorption media 6.When the valve 7 is opened and the sorption media 6 is cooled, thesorption media 6 loads the substance. As explained above, in someembodiments, the sorption media 6 includes surface structures. In someembodiments, the substance is cooled before entering the vessel 6. Insome embodiments, the substance is mixed with a cooled heat-transfersubstance to facilitate the loading of the substance. For example, acooling component 36 may be configured to cool a heat-transfer substanceto a temperature that is lower than the temperature of the sorptionmedia 6, and the cooled heat-transfer substance may be circulatedthrough the perforated passageway 4 with the substance to be loaded.

If heated, the sorption media 6 can unload the loaded substance. Asbefore, the sorption media 6 can be heated by passing a liquid or gasthat is hotter than the sorption media 6 through the heat-transfer tube8. Additionally, the sorption media 6 can be heated by passing a heatedgas or liquid through the perforated passageway 4. The system 900includes a generator 40 that supplies energy to a heat exchanger 34,which heats a gas or liquid that is then circulated through theperforated passageway 4. For example, the heat exchanger 34 may heatargon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or another heat-exchangingsubstance, which may be then pumped through the perforated passageway 4to heat the sorption media 6. When, upon being heated, the sorptionmedia 6 unloads the loaded substance, it may mix with the circulatedheat-exchanging substance. In some embodiments, the vessel 2 preventsthe loaded substance from mixing with the circulated heat-exchangingsubstance by directing the unloading of the loaded substance to acentral tube (not pictured) of the perforated passageway 4 or to aperipheral zone.

In embodiments in which the substances do mix, the mixture may befiltered after it is expelled from the vessel 2. When expelled from thevessel, the mixture passes through the second port 11 of the vessel 2and may be delivered through a filter 30 that is comprised of amicro-filter or a membrane 42 to purify the mixture. Suitablemicro-filters and membranes include organic membranes, such as selectpolymers like ion-permeable polymers produced by establishing a chargeto induce the release of a substance, and inorganic membranes, such aspalladium, PdAg, or an alloy of iron, titanium, copper, and rhenium. Theunloaded substance or the mixture of the released substance and theheat-exchanging substance may be supplied to other systems and/orstorage apparatuses, including a fuel cell 32, a spark injection system9 (through four-way valve 48 and valve 38), or through the four-wayvalve 48 to the heat exchanger 34 where it is heated to a highertemperature and passed back through the perforated passageway 4. Themixture may also be passed outside of the system 900 through anotherport (not shown). For example, the unloaded substance or the mixture maybe delivered to a pipeline or another system.

Various apparatuses and methods are described above to facilitateloading a substance in a sorption media. For example, heat may betransferred to and from sorption media, a charge may be applied tolayers of sorption media, or pressure within a vessel or between zonesof a sorption media may be changed, all of which can facilitate theloading of the substance into the sorption media. While some embodimentsare described as employing only one such method to facilitate theloading or unloading of the substance, one skilled in the art willappreciate that more than one loading or unloading method may beemployed at the same time. For example, the layers of the sorptionmaterial can be cooled to load a substance and an electric charge can beapplied to the layers to increase the rate at which molecules of thesubstance are loaded.

In some embodiment, ultrasonic vibrations are applied to sorption mediaof a vessel or filter to facilitate the loading or unloading of asubstance. Similarly, in some embodiments, the sorption media isselectively radiated to facilitate the loading or unloading of asubstance.

Furthermore, although various embodiments of sorption media aredescribed as having a particular shape, such as a disk, one skilled inthe art will appreciate that the sorption media may comprise othershapes. For example, the sorption media may comprise parallelrectangular layers of a sorption material. In some embodiments, asubstance is presented to first edges of the rectangular layers wherethe rectangular layers load the substance, and the rectangular layersunload the substance at second edges of the layers where the substancecan be a reactant in a chemical reaction.

One advantage of the technology is that it allows gasses like naturalgas and hydrogen to be stored at energy densities comparable tohydrocarbons.

Another advantage of the technology is that a waste product, such as anengine's exhaust, may be filtered and reacted with another compound toproduce a useful and renewable compound.

Another advantage of the technology is that a fuel may can be produced,filtered, and stored at a location at which the fuel will also beconsumed, obviating the need to transport fuel over great distances froma fuel source to the location at which the fuel will be consumed.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments ofthe invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration,but that various modifications may be made without deviating from thespirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is notlimited except as by the appended claims.

I claim:
 1. An apparatus for loading a substance, the apparatuscomprising: a first layer of a sorption material having a first edge; asecond layer of the sorption material having a second edge, and acatalyst on the first layer and the second layer, wherein: the catalystis located proximate to the first edge and the second edge, the secondlayer of the sorption material is configured parallel to the first layerof the sorption material, the first layer and the second layer of thesorption material are separated by a distance that enables a substanceto be loaded between the first and second layers of the sorptionmaterial, and the distance enables the substance to be loaded betweenthe first and second layers of the sorption material by the adsorptionof a portion of the substance onto a surface of the first layer and/orthe second layer and the absorption of a portion of the substance into azone between the first layer and the second layer.
 2. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the catalyst is located on a surface of at least one ofthe first layer of the sorption material and the second layer of thesorption material.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the catalystincludes a refractive carbide.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein thecatalyst includes a titanium carbide or an iron carbide.
 5. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is a compound that includesiron and titanium.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the catalystfurther includes yttrium.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecatalyst includes chromia.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecatalyst includes at least one of copper, zinc, zirconia promoted withmanganese, or zirconium doped with manganese.
 9. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the catalyst includes zirconium or manganese doped andpromoted with copper or zinc.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecatalyst includes an oxide of iron, manganese, nickel, chromium, orvanadium.
 11. A system for filtering a substance, the system comprising:a sorption media configured to load a substance; and a passagewayconfigured to provide the substance to an edge of the sorption media,wherein: the sorption media includes parallel layers of a sorptionmaterial, the parallel layers of the sorption material are separated bydistances, the distances enable the loading of the substance in thesorption media by the adsorption of a portion of the substance onto asurface of at least one of the parallel layers and the absorption of aportion of the substance into a zone between at least two of theparallel layers, and the sorption media includes a catalyst proximate tothe edge of the sorption media.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein thecatalyst is selected to facilitate the loading of the substance by thesorption media.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the catalyst isselected to facilitate a chemical reaction near the edge of the sorptionmedia, wherein the substance results from the chemical reaction.
 14. Thesystem of claim 12, wherein the catalyst includes a refractive carbide.15. The system of claim 12, wherein the substance includes hydrogen andthe catalyst is selected to facilitate the loading of hydrogen fromnatural gas.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the catalyst includesiron, titanium, and yttrium.
 17. The system of claim 13, wherein thesubstance includes oxygen or methanol and the catalyst includes chromia.18. The system of claim 11, wherein the sorption media includes a secondedge and the sorption media includes a second catalyst proximate to thesecond edge of the sorption media.
 19. The system of claim 18, whereinthe second catalyst is selected to facilitate a chemical reaction nearthe second edge of the sorption media.
 20. The system of claim 11,wherein the catalyst includes at least one of copper, zinc, zirconiapromoted with manganese, or zirconium doped with manganese.
 21. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the catalyst includes zirconium or manganesedoped and promoted with copper or zinc.
 22. The system of claim 11,wherein the catalyst includes an oxide of iron, manganese, nickel,chromium, or vanadium.